where have miocene hominoid fossils been found?

The first appearance of these great ape-like features in the African middle Miocene is correlated with an adaptive shift to consumption of hard fruit and nuts. Java considers the variables number and NuMbEr to be identical. J. Phys. Proc. From its discovery in the late 1970s, Sivapithecus skull specimen GSP 15000 was interpreted as possessing a de- rived orangutan-like morphology (99). Geobios 102349-85, Feldesman MR. 1982. Proconsul, Limnopithecus, Micropithecus) becoming extinct. Although Miocene hominoids appear not to be members of the modern ape and human clade, their morphology helps us to determine which features are primitive or derived for Hominidae, and how primitive hominoid features retained by hominids (such as thick molar enamel) may have first evolved. Introduction. 49: 42740, Y. Anthropol. 1992. Because canine robusticity and medial rotation are characteristic of the pitheciines Cebupithecia (119), Chiropotes, and Cacajao (66), they may represent other features related to the breaking open of tough seed coats by Miocene apes with thick-enameled molars. The foot of Oreo$thecus: evolutionary assessment. Contrary to expectations that Kenyapithecus would have short and small lower incisors (6, 117), the lower jaw from Maboko Island provides definitive proof that Kenyapitlzecus had very tall and thick lower incisors (90,91).The lower incisors of living great apes are shorter and broader than those of the fossil apes. In western Eura A well-preserved Kenyapithecus patella discovered at Maboko Island in 1992 resembles that of hominoids and New World monkeys and differs from that of Old World monkeys in that it is mediolaterally broad, anteroposteriorly thin, and has a short, nonarticular extension distally (88, 92). In Comparative Primate Biology: Systematics, Evolu- tion andAnatomy, ed. Although we recognize the existence of an African ape and human clade, we advocate retaining the traditional and most widely used definition of the classification Hominidae for the purposes of communi- cation and clarity, important aspects of taxonomic classification and nomen- clature (3). FS Szalay, pp. The shape of the incisive canal and subnasal alveolar process are often cited in support of a close family tree relationship between certain middle-late Miocene apes and the great ape and human clade (20, 57, 131-133). Thick molar enamel first appears with Afropithecus in the late early Miocene and is interpreted as being derived from the thin-enameled condition of other early Miocene apes, including Proconsul (9). The presence of a true supraorbital torus in members of the African ape and human clade (Gorilla, Pan, Australopithecus, and Homo) clearly represents a derived condition indicative of their shared common ancestry. Basel 69:148, Ishida H. 1986. According to its discoverers, the facial skeleton of Ouranopithecus exhibits a brow ridge that is "large but not projecting like those of the gorilla or chimpanzee" (40:713). In terms of their femoral head and neck morphology, Kenyapithecus and the Eppel- sheim Dryopithecus most closely resemble those of ceboids and hominoids (88). Hist. Since 1986, a skull, lower jaws and a thousand teeth of hominoid have been found in Late Miocene in Xiaohe basin, Yuanmou County, Yunnan. Afi: (BI: Mus. Instead, known frontal bones of Dryopithecus retain the distinct supraorbital costae reconstructed for the common ancestor of living Old World higher primates. Dietary and dental ad- aptations in the Pitheciinae. Afr Stud. The Hague: Mouton, Crusafont M, Hurzeler J. Natr~cad: Sci. Locomotor behavfor in'liviniand fossil pongids. Otavipithecus: or how to build a better hominid-not. R. Soc. Paleoindians almost exclusively hunted megafauna 5. Areview of the chronology of Siwalik hominoids. A new species of Tor- tonian anthro~oid (Primates, Mammalia). Acta Geol. Hominid upper limb bones recovered from the Hadar Formation: 1974-1977 col- lections. Tertiary Pongidae of East Africa: evolutionary relationships and taxonomy. Male upper canines of Kenyapithecus and Sivapithecus are very robust and are inferred to have been medially in- clined and externally rotated as in modern great apes, and unlike those of Proconsul and Dryopithecus (133). Although little fossil evidence existed, the Ramapithecus chimera was claimed to share several features with humans (6, 14, 116, 117, 125). Fully half of the mammalian families known today are present in the Miocene record. In PostcranialAdaptation in Nonhuman Primates, ed. Such molarization is most conspicuous in Paranthropus, and to a lesser extent in A. afarensis, where substantial development of the talonid cusps has occurred. 93-106. In contrast, semiterre- stria1 and terrestrial Old World monkeys have abbreviated and postero- medially oriented medial epicondyles because of the reduction in the mass of the wrist and finger flexors (31, 59). Vert. Evol 18:515-36 109.Sanders WJ, Bodenbender BE. Zwei neue Menschenaffen aus den Leithakalbildingen des Wiener Beckens. In Human Origins: Louis Leakey and the East African Evidence, ed. The radial head of modern hominoids is evenly rounded, apparently to permit a greater range of forearm pronation and supination. Evol. Much new material of previously known large- bodied ape genera has also been discovered, e.g. 81:193 (Abstr. Anthropol. The most distinctive feature of the Kenyapithecus distal humerus is the strong posterior inclination of the medial epicondyle. Apes are represented in the later part of the middle Miocene in Europe and Asia Minor by a poorly known genus, Griphopithecus, considered by us to include Austriacopithecus from Klein Hadersdorf (1, 4, 139). McCrossin ML. 1993. On the mandible of, 116.Simons EL, Pilbeam DR. 1972. The most striking new information about the upper limb anatomy of large- bodied Miocene hominoids comes from the discovery of humeral remains of Kenyapithecus and Sivapithecus. Because Miocene large-bodied apes other than Oreopithecus categorically lack these features, they can be interpreted as broadly but not directly ancestral to modern apes. Anthro- pol. Recent discoveries have greatly clarified the family tree relationships of Mio- cene apes to modern apes and humans. Zool. Texas Press, Kay RF, Simons EL. The field of Miocene hominoid paleoanthropology has profited from an unprecedented spate of new discoveries. 1982. Anthropol. They share a moder- ately wedge-shaped trochlea and a trochlear surface that exhibits a high lateral keel and low medial keel as in quadrupedal Old World monkeys. New York: Academic. Phylogenetic, paleode- mographic, and taphonomic implications of Mctoriaaithecus deciduous teeth from Maboko, ~enya. J. Sci. A new Pliocene hominoid skull from Yuanmou southwest China. The diversity of apes seems to have declined during the African middle Miocene (15-12 ma), with genera adapted for consuming soft fruit (e.g. Fossil Mamm. Miocene Epoch, earliest major worldwide division of the Neogene Period (23 million to 2.6 million years ago) that extended from 23 million to 5.3 million years ago, a time when land-dwelling mammals were essentially modern. 1-28. Therefore, at least two appar- ently derived traits, presence of a supraorbital torus and of rectangular orbits, link Ouranopithecus with the African ape and human clade. [From New Latin Hominoīdea, superfamily name : Homō, type genus (from Latin homō, homin-, man; see homo1) + -oīdea, neuter pl. Ramapithecus (Hominidae, Hominoidea). True or false? 27: 385-94, Begun DR, Moya-Sola S, Kohler M. 1990. 1). Skulls of the basal Old World higher primate Aegyptopi- thecus from the Oligocene of Egypt and the middle Miocene Old World monkey Victoriapithecus also have marked supraorbital costae and frontal trigons, indicating that such a configuration was primitive for Old World higher primates in general (29, 30). Kexue Tongbao34:223-29, 139.Zapfe H. 1960. Evidently, the first Miocene hominoid to possess a supraorbital torus is Ouranopithecus, the approximately 9-ma hominoid from central Macedonia (40). Jaw and tooth features that Miocene large-bodied apes share with great apes and humans can now be regarded as conservative retentions from the ancestral condition for living apes, including gibbons. Schweiz. Nature 356:144-48, Conroy GC, Pilbeam D. 1975. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 87. The description of this taxon is based on a hominoid partial face with mandible (IPS43000) discovered at locality Abocador de Can Mata (ACM)/C3-Aj, in the area of Els Hostalets de Pierola (Vallès-Penedès Basin, Catalonia, Spain). DeKalb: North. Resemblance to the tooth shape of modern gorillas indicates that the 8-ma Samburu palate may be a potential candidate for membership in the African ape and human clade. New postcra- nial fossils of Proconsul africanus andProconsul nyanzae. Press, 108.Ruff CB, Walker A, Teaford ME 1989. Pilbeam DR. 1983. The upper incisors of Afropithecus, Kenyapithecus, Griphopithecus, and Sivapithecus are hetero- morphic; the central incisors are much broader and more spatulate than the smaller, more conical lateral incisors. Hominoid primates from a new locality named Meswa Bridge in Kenya. Anthropol. That the transition from life in the trees to life on the ground began with Kenyapithecus 15 ma indicates that this change occurred prior to the wide- spread presence of open country habitats in Africa. Hominoid remains from Miocene deposits in India and Pakistan have played a pivotal role in understanding the evolution of great apes and humans since they were first described in the 19 th Century. 31:49-83, Ho CK. The Niger fossil locality is 940 km north of the nearest known extant hominoids, and 1000 km west of the nearest recorded fossil hominoid from Chad. Recent discoveries have called into question the inferred relationship of Sivapithecus to Pongo. Einige Beobachtungen und Masse am Skelett von Oreopithecus im vergleich mit anderen catarrhinen Primaten. 61:157-71 133.Ward SC. Postilla 181:l-94, 102.Pilbeam DR, Rose MD, Barry JC, Shah SMI. Homo of the Family Hominidae) than they are to the orangutan (111). Evolutionary History of the Primates. Monogi: (Kyoto Univ.) 577-624, Kelley J, Pilbeam D. 1986. North America b. Australia c. Mexico d. South America e. Africa, Europe, and Asia. The evolution of the eyebrow region of the forehead, with special reference to the extensive supraor- bital development of the Neanderthal race. However, robust zygomatics are also characteristic of Afropithecus, primitive Old World monkeys, and basal Old World higher primates. A taxonomic revision of the small catarrhine primates from the Early Miocene of East Africa. Middle and late Miocene large-bodied hominoids from Africa and Eurasia share a number of lower jaw and tooth traits that appear to be derived toward the great ape condition relative to early Miocene genera, including Proconsul. SL Washburn, pp. 122.Szalav FS. Acta Geol. 1976.Ramapithecus in Kenya and Turkey. Bull. Hum. Am. Oreopithecus bambolii Gewais: a preliminary report. 3. n. A member of the Hominoidea. Ramapithecus wickeri mandible from Fort Ternan, Kenya. 50:59-108, Harrison T. 1991. In fact, knowledge that fossils accumulated in a forest, woodland, or grassland environment is unin- formative with regard to substrate preference (i.e. Description and recon- struction of the skull of Rudapithecus hun- garicus Kretzoi (Mammalia). PalAsiat. Recent claims that Dryopithecus is closely allied to the African ape clade (18-21) are based on a misunderstanding of frontal morphology and the distribution of subnasal con- figurations among extant and extinct hominoids. 13:659-77, McCrossin ML, Benefit BR. Several late Miocene hominoid fossils (Fig. 59-86. Some Miocene large-bodied apes, such as Kenyapithecus and Sivapithecus, resemble orangutans and hominids in that both have thick molar enamel. Hist. Citing Literature. A proximal ulna of Kenyapithecus exhibits a longer and more posteriorly reflected olecranon process than is characteristic of modern hominoids (88). H Vagtborg, 2:23-50. Lovejoy CO. 1993. (Suppl. Fleanle JG. Sci. Am. The phyletic position of Ramapithecus. Nature 229:408-9. Ouranopithecus appears to exhibit derived cranial features, such as the presence of a supraorbital torus, that are shared with modern African apes. 1951. We describe here a hominoid maxillary fragment preserving the canine and cheek teeth collected in 2011 from the Kutch (= Kachchh) basin in the Kutch district, Gujarat state, western India. Edinburgh 46:283-311, De Bonis L, Bouvrain G, Geraads D, Koufos G. 1990. J. Hum. Penn. USA 58:14248, 112.Schultz AH. DR Swindler, J Erwin, 1:361-411. In contrast, primates lacking tails or with very reduced tails, such as lorisines and hominoids, have ischial spines that are more proxi- mally located on the dorsal border of the ischium, at a level well proximal to the caudal rim of the acetabulum (89). The first approach draws on information from the comparative anatomy, behavior, and genetic composition of living apes and humans (46, 65,70, 100, 110). 9:7-25, McCown, pp. Evol. Further examination of the distribution of zygomatic robusticity and development of zygomaxillary foramina is required before such features are taken to be specifically characteristic of the Pongo clade. The unique shape of the Kenyapithecus lower jaw symphysis is related to its specialized lower incisors. It now seems likely that the last common ancestor of all living apes resembled great apes in some aspects of their skull shape and features. However, upper jaws of Kenyapithecus from Baragoi (57) and Dryopithecus from Rudabanya (132) resemble Rangwapithecus and some individuals of Hylobates and Gorilla in that the incisive opening is of moder- ately large caliber and the front edge of the palatal process of the maxilla is not overridden by the back edge of the subnasal alveolar process. Univ. Am. Aside from the possible parallel acquisition of modern homi- noid-like morphologies by Oreopithecus (87, 122), the hanging adaptations of the limb and vertebral column seen in living hominoids probably evolved only once. 16:l-70, Pickford M. 1985. Phys. INTRODUCTION Two hominoid species. J. Hum. Paris 43: 2i9-23, Leakey RE, Leakey MG. 1986. RS Corruccini, RL Ciochon, pp. A hominoid hamate and first metacarpal from the Late Miocene Nagri Formation of Pakistan. Miocene hominoid post- cranial morphology: monkey-like, apelike, neither or both? This finding, almost 1000 km south of Siwaliks has increased the geographic range of the genus,” says Dr Bhandari, who is also the corresponding author of the … 1992. 9. Fossil soils, grasses, and carbon isotopes from Fort Ternan, Kenya: Grass- land or woodland? Anthropol. Sinica 2:305-14, Harrison T. 1988. In addition to studies concentrating on family tree relationships, there have been several reconstructions of the environments in which Miocene ape fossils are found (10, 33, 60, 113, 134). Sci. Subnasal al- veolar morphology and the systematic po- sition of Sivapithecus. Dlyopithecus crusafonti sp. Benefit BR. Based on size, these fossils can be divided into two major subgroupings: small-bodied and large-bodied hominoids. It was further suggested that the dietary shift from soft fruit and leaves to hard fruit and grass seeds, and from arboreal to terrestrial substrates in African apes and humans, was related to the spread of increasingly more open country habitats since the early Miocene (13). The humerus shaft of Dryopithecus from St. Gaudens (Figure 9 in Refer- ence 73) has been claimed to possess a more weakly developed deltopectoral crest and less anterior flexion than the shaft of Kenyapithecus (18, 103). Humerus of Dryopithecus from Saint Gaudens, France. Of the foot bones, only the astragalus is well known for Miocene apes. 33a, pp. DR Swindler, J Erwin, 1:413-52. Evol. 1977. 1951. 1993. Although this ridge is said to be a derived feature characteristic of knuckle-walkers (124), similar ridges are present in large semiterrestrial Old World monkeys, especially mandrills. Basel: Karger, Andrews P, Walker A. 1980. The first unambiguous occurrence of a hanging shoulder joint with a me- dially rotated humeral head similar to that of modern apes was discovered in. Am. Press. Miocene Primates A great abundance of hominoid fossil material has been found in the Old World from the Miocene (23-7 million years ago). In this feature Kenyapithecus resembles semiterrestrial vervet monkeys and macaques (88) and differs from modern apes and arboreal monkeys, which have a humeral head that projects above the level of the greater tubercle. _______ relies on identifying changes in the orientation of the earth's geomagnetic poles. Anthropol. J. Hum. Ciochon RL, Corruccini RS, eds. This may have been a factor in the origin and development of the hominid clade. Am. Late Miocene and Early Plio- cene hominoids from Africa. Miocene primates from Kenya. 38:43744, Hurzeler j. Java considers the variables number and NuMbEr to be identical. Evol. Such an articulation is most effective for moving the arm forward and backward in quadrupedal primates. Folia Primatol. 1902. 76: Le Gros Clark WE, Leakey LSB. Nature, Andrews P. 1971. The thick-enameled molars of Ken- yapithecus, Sivapithecus, and hominids seem to be adapted for the consump- tion of hard objects such as seeds, nuts, and hard fruit (62). 1967. The capitate (a wrist bone) of Sivapithecus is fundamentally different from that of modern hominoids at its proximal end, indicating a mid-carpal joint unlike that of modern apes and humans (105). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Langdon JH. J. Phys. Proc. New York: Liss, Kinzey WG. 1. 1992. The humeral head of Kenyapithecus is "monkey-like" and differs from that of all modern hominoids in that it is directed backward for articulation with a ventrally (toward the stomach) directed scapular glenoid fossa, among other features. 19:39711.22, Andrews P. 1970. Science 257:1929-33, 27. Dryopithecus) have been attributed to the Family Hominidae (18). nov., a new Miocene hominoid species from Can Ponsic (Northeastern Spain).Am. Verh. Nat. J. Phys. Nature 348:237-39, 103.Pilbeam DR, Simons EL. 1992. 57: 637-50, Lu Q, Xu Q, Zheng L. 1981. 1989. 1991. In Pongo, Pan, and most individuals of Gorilla, in contrast, the incisive opening is constricted, forming a true incisive canal, and the subnasal alveolar process "overrides the anterior edge of the hard palate, producing an overlapping relationship between these two elements" (133). In The Baboon in Medical Research, ed. Int. Am. 52:15&66, Begun DR. 1992. Further hominoid postcra- nial specimens from the Late Miocene Na- gri Formation of Pakistan. Evol. 31:l-185, Pilbeam DR. 1982. However, few hominoid fossils are known from Africa during this period. 1981. We can picture the early Miocene East Africa. Most of the features shared by Sivapithecus and Pongo were thought to be derived (that is, evolu- tionarily new, as opposed to "primitive"). Rapidly expanding knowledge of the biology of Miocene large-bodied apes comes from discovery of new genera such as Otavipithecus from the middle Miocene of Namibia (34, 36) and Afropithecus from the early Miocene of northern Kenya (74, 76). Oreopithecus, extinct genus of primates found as fossils in Late Miocene deposits in East Africa and Early Pliocene deposits in southern Europe (11.6 to 3.6 million years ago). Nat- forsch. 325-51, 127.Walker A, Rose MD. Anew look at Kenyapithecus based on recent discoveries in west- ern Kenya. 24:237-56 Copyright O 1995 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, KEY WORDS: paleoanthropology, fossil apes, family tree relationships, dietary and locomotor reconstruction, human ancestors. 1983. The fossil is the property of the University of Thessaloniki, Greece (catalogue number XIR-1). The phylogenetic relationships, adaptations, and ecology of, Kenyapithecus. Discoveries from Rudabanya: implications for spinal func- tion and phylogeny of the Miocene of Maboko in. Reminiscent of conditions seen in Oreopithecus, Hylobates, Pongo, and Dryopithecus continental and marine deposits. Southwest China, resemble orangutans and hominids in that both have thick molar enamel and third reduc-... As well as in Pan relationships are frequently sug- gested for Miocene where have miocene hominoid fossils been found? very... Most effective for moving the arm forward and backward in quadrupedal primates this is the strong transverse dorsal prevents! 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